Outbreak of Locally Acquired Mosquito-Transmitted (Autochthonous) Malaria - Florida and Texas, May-July 2023.

Eight cases of locally acquired, mosquito-transmitted (i.e., autochthonous) Plasmodium vivax malaria, which has not been reported in the United States since 2003, were reported to CDC from state health departments in Florida and Texas during May 18-July 17, 2023. As of August 4, 2023, case surveillance, mosquito surveillance and control activities, and public outreach and education activities continue in both states. U.S. clinicians need to consider a malaria diagnosis in patients with unexplained fever, especially in areas where autochthonous malaria has been recently reported, although the risk for autochthonous malaria in the United States remains very low. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of malaria can prevent severe disease or death and limit ongoing transmission to local Anopheles mosquitoes and other persons. Preventing mosquito bites and controlling mosquitoes at home can prevent mosquitoborne diseases, including malaria. Before traveling internationally to areas with endemic malaria, travelers should consult with a health care provider regarding recommended malaria prevention measures, including potentially taking malaria prophylaxis. Malaria is a nationally notifiable disease; continued reporting of malaria cases to jurisdictional health departments and CDC will also help ensure robust surveillance to detect and prevent autochthonous malaria in the United States.

Assessment of Spatial Variability across Multiple Pollutants in Auckland, New Zealand.

Spatial saturation studies using source-specific chemical tracers are commonly used to examine intra-urban variation in exposures and source impacts, for epidemiology and policy purposes. Most such studies, however, has been performed in North America and Europe, with substantial regional combustion-source contributions. In contrast, Auckland, New Zealand, a large western city, is relatively isolated in the south Pacific, with minimal impact from long-range combustion sources. However, fluctuating wind patterns, complex terrain, and an adjacent major port complicate pollution patterns within the central business district (CBD). We monitored multiple pollutants (fine particulate matter (PM2.5), black carbon (BC), elemental composition, organic diesel tracers (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), hopanes, steranes), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2)) at 12 sites across the ~5 km2 CBD during autumn 2014, to capture spatial variation in traffic, diesel, and proximity to the port. PM2.5 concentrations varied 2.5-fold and NO2 concentrations 2.9-fold across the CBD, though constituents varied more dramatically. The highest-concentration constituent was sodium (Na), a distinct non-combustion-related tracer for sea salt (µ = 197.8 ng/m3 (SD = 163.1 ng/m3)). BC, often used as a diesel-emissions tracer, varied more than five-fold across sites. Vanadium (V), higher near the ports, varied more than 40-fold across sites. Concentrations of most combustion-related constituents were higher near heavy traffic, truck, or bus activity, and near the port. Wind speed modified absolute concentrations, and wind direction modified spatial patterns in concentrations (i.e., ports impacts were more notable with winds from the northeast).

Separating spatial patterns in pollution attributable to woodsmoke and other sources, during daytime and nighttime hours, in Christchurch, New Zealand.

During winter nights, woodsmoke may be a predominant source of air pollution, even in cities with many sources. Since two major earthquakes resulted in major structural damage in 2010 and 2011, reliance on woodburning for home heating has increased substantially in Christchurch, New Zealand (NZ), along with intensive construction/demolition activities. Further, because NZ is a relatively isolated western country, it offers the unique opportunity to disentangle multiple source impacts in the absence of long-range transport pollution. Finally, although many spatial saturation studies have been published, and levoglucosan is an established tracer for woodburning emissions, few studies have monitored multiple sites simultaneously for this or other organic constituents, with the ability to distinguish spatial patterns for daytime vs. nighttime hours, in complex urban settings. We captured seven-day integrated samples of PM2.5, and elemental and organic tracers of woodsmoke and diesel emissions, during "daytime" (7 a.m. - 5:30 p.m.) and "nighttime" (7 p.m. - 5:30 a.m.) hours, at nine sites across commercial and residential areas, over three weeks in early winter (May 2014). At a subset of six sites, we also sampled during hypothesized "peak" woodburning hours (7 p.m. - 12 a.m.), to differentiate emissions during "active" residential woodburning, vs. overnight smouldering. Concentrations of PM2.5 were, on average, were twice as high during nighttime than daytime [µâ€¯= 18.4 (SD = 6.13) vs. 9.21 (SD = 6.13) µg/m3], with much greater differences in woodsmoke tracers (i.e., levoglucosan [µâ€¯= 1.83 (SD = 0.82) vs. 0.34 (SD = 0.17) µg/m3], potassium) and indicators of treated- or painted-wood burning (e.g., arsenic, lead). Only nitrogen dioxide, calcium, iron, and manganese (tracers of vehicular emissions) were higher during daytime. Levoglucosan and most PAHs were higher during "active" woodburning, vs. overnight smouldering. Our time-stratified spatial saturation detected strong spatial variability throughout the study area, which distinctly differed during daytime vs. night time hours, and quantified the substantial contribution of woodsmoke to overnight spatial variation in PM2.5 across Christchurch. Daytime vs. nighttime differences were greater than those observed across sites. Traffic, especially diesel, contributed substantially to daytime NO2 and spatial gradients in non-woodsmoke constituents.

Evaluación de la actividad funcional básica en el adulto mayor de la Casa - Asilo de las Hermanitas de los Ancianos Desamparados de Lima. Mayo del 2012 / Evaluation of the basic functional activity in the elderly of the House-Asylum of the Sisters of the Abandoned Elderly in Lima. May 2012

OBJETIVO: La alteración de la Actividad Funcional Básica más frecuente, compromete la movilidad del residente de la CASA-ASILO DE LAS HERMANITAS DE LOS ANCIANOS DESAMPARADOS. DISEÑO DE ESTUDIO: Diseño de estudio sin intervención y observacional con sistema de medición. MATERIAL Y METODOS: El presente trabajo de investigación es de tipo cuantitativo, básico, prospectivo, transversal y descriptivo. Se realizó una entrevista personal al Adulto Mayor y/o cuidador empleando una ficha de Evaluación Funcional Básica del Adulto Mayor diseñada por la Organización Panamericana de Salud conocida como índice de Barthel Modificado, el cual consta de 15 ítems. Se hizo un censo poblacional en los pabellones llamados sociales con la exclusión de 08 Adultos Mayores por tener menos de 60 años, discapacidad física crónica y/o padecer de deterioro cognitivo. RESULTADOS: Se entrevistó a 143 adultos mayores, del cual el 41.95 por ciento es de sexo masculino. La edad promedio de los adultos mayores es de 78 años, el 68.53 por ciento son independientes, requieren ayuda 24.47 por ciento y un 7 por ciento son dependientes; el nivel de actividad funcional según grupo de edad son de mayores porcentajes: en independientes con 59.18 por ciento en el grupo de 60-70 años, asistidos (con apoyo) con 45.71 por ciento en el grupo de 81-90 años, son dependientes con 40 por ciento en el grupo de más de 90 años y en el grupo de edad de 60-70 años solo un representante; la mayor actividad funcional básica más afectada en el índice de autocuidado es el bañarse con 37 por ciento y la menos afectada es alimentarse con 9.1 por ciento, en el índice de movilidad la mayor actividad funcional básica más afectada es entrar y salir de la ducha con 37.1 por ciento ,y la menos afectada es movilización en silla de ruedas con 16.78 por ciento. CONCLUSION: En función al resultado del trabajo efectuado se conoce el nivel de actividad funcional básica de la población adulta mayor, y concluyo: 1) a mayor edad, es...

OBJECTIVE: Altering the most common basic functional activity, mobility committed resident of the house-Asylum of the Sisters of the Abandoned Elderly. STUDY DESIGN: Design of study without intervention and observational measurement system. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The present research is quantitative, basic, prospective, transversal and descriptive. A personal interview was conducted for the Elderly and / or caregiver using a tab Basic Functional Assessment of Older designed by the Pan American Health Organization known as Modified Barthel Index, which consists of 15 items. There was a census in halls called social exclusion of Aging 08 have fewer than 60 years, chronic physical disability and / or suffer from cognitive impairment. RESULTS: They interviewed 143 seniors, of which 41.95 per cent are male. The average age of the elderly is 78 years, 68.53 per cent are independent, require support 24.47 per cent and 7 per cent are dependents, level of functional activity by age group are higher percentages: 59.18 per cent independent in the group 60-70 years, assisted (supported) with 45.71 per cent in the group of 81-90 years, are dependent with 40 per cent in the group over 90 years and in the age group of 60-70 years only representative; most basic functional activity more affected in the rate of self-care is bathing with 37 per cent and the least affected is fed with 9.1 per cent in the mobility index most basic functional activity most affected is in and out of the shower 37.1 per cent, and the least affected is wheelchair mobilization with 16.78 per cent. CONCLUSION: Depending on the outcome of the work done you know the basic functional activity level of older adults, and concluded: 1) with increasing age, the greater the deterioration of basic functional activities, 2) the prevention of functional disability Senior Activities begins by evaluating its basic functionality with the Modified Barthel Index.

Estimates of black carbon and size-resolved particle number emission factors from residential wood burning based on ambient monitoring and model simulations.

In this paper we derive typical emission factors for coarse particulate matter (PM(10)), oxides of nitrogen (NO(x)), black carbon (BC), and number particle size distributions based on a combination of measurements and air quality dispersion modeling. The advantage of this approach is that the emission factors represent integrated emissions from several vehicle types and different types of wood stoves. Normally it is very difficult to estimate the total emissions in cities on the basis of laboratory measurements on single vehicles or stoves because of the large variability in conditions. The measurements were made in Temuco, Chile, between April 18 and June 15, 2005 at two sites. The first one was located in a residential area relatively far from major roads. The second site was located in a busy street in downtown Temuco where wood consumption is low. The measurements support the assumption that the monitoring sites represent the impact of different emission sources, namely traffic and residential wood combustion (RWC). Fitting model results to the available measurements, emission factors were obtained for PM(10) (RWC = 2160 +/- 100 mg/kg; traffic = 610 +/- 51 mg/veh-km), NO(x) (RWC = 800 +/- 100 mg/kg; traffic = 4400 +/- 100 mg/veh-km), BC (RWC = 74 +/- 6 mg/kg; traffic = 60 +/- 3 mg/veh-km) and particle number (N) with size distribution between 25 and 600 nm (N(25-600)) (RWC = 8.9 +/- 1 x 10(14) pt/kg; traffic = 6.7 +/- 0.5 x 10(14) pt/veh-km). The obtained emission factors are comparable to results reported in the literature. The size distribution of the N emission factors for traffic was shown to be different than for RWC. The main difference is that although traffic emissions show a bimodal size distribution with a main mode below 30 nm and a secondary one around 100 nm, RWC emissions show the main mode slightly below 100 nm and a smaller nucleation mode below 50 nm.